Determinants of Poverty: Impacts of ZIS, Human Development, Economic Growth, and ICT

Abstract

Purpose

This study analyzes the effects of ZIS, Human Development Index (HDI), GRDP, and ICT Development Index on poverty in 34 Indonesian provinces during 2020–2023.

Design/Methodology/Approach

Panel data regression with the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) was used because it best captured the provincial characteristics.

Findings

ZIS and HDI significantly reduce poverty, GRDP is not significant, while ICT index increases poverty due to digital inequality.

Research limitations/implications

The study is limited to macro‑provincial data and does not evaluate household‑level mechanisms.

Practical implications

Results guide policymakers on strengthening ZIS management, human development, and inclusive digital expansion.

Social implications

Strengthening social redistribution and human capital can accelerate poverty reduction.

Originality/value

This study integrates ZIS, HDI, GRDP, and ICT in a single nationwide panel analysis.